I just wanted to note that we normally don't use Docker during local development. Locally, it's easiest to work on the backend or the frontend by cloning the individual repository and following the setup instructions in the readme. For example, you can find the backend at https://github.com/getodk/central-backend, and the readme there has instructions for setting up a development environment. You can also work with Enketo and pyxform-http locally: see the frontend readme for more information.
If you really must use Docker as part of development, I'll echo @yanokwa in recommending that you set up your environment as closely as possible to the typical production setup.