You can use an external database with Central, but we don't recommend accessing the database directly: the database is not considered user-facing, so its structure may change at any time. I haven't worked with BigQuery, and I'm not sure whether Cloud SQL is the right approach, but you could consider looking into this approach to populating a Postgres database using the Central API:
Maybe Cloud SQL could pull from such a database once it's set up?
I also wanted to link to Getting Data Out in case that discussion is useful.