This command "df -h" will show you how much disk space is left on your server.
I don't know your server's hardware configuration but the error message indicates that there is not enough free space to complete the docker build process.
You can buy extra space (adding a new volume) if it's a virtual machine on a datacenter or maybe add a new disk if you own the hardware.
I'm using Central on DigitalOcean as described here: https://docs.getodk.org/central-install-digital-ocean/ and my developer environments are based in droplets that costs USD 12.00 a month and have 50GB of disk space. After finishing a fresh Central installation there is around 34GB of free disk space to grow data into.